14th century italian gothic - early renaissance
"Not what man knows but what man feels, concerns art. All else is science."
Derived from the French word, renaissance, meaning ‘rebirth’, the Renaissance was a period when scholars and artists began to investigate what they believed to be a revival of classical learning, literature and art.
KEY IDEAS
Characteristics of Florentine Painting
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CHAPTER VOCABULARY
*Great schism *Campanile *Petrarch *International Gothic Style *Dante *Maesta *True Fresco *Predella *Fresco Secco *Maniera greca Reading Cues: 1) What and when was the Black Death and what effect did it have on art? 2) What was Humanism and how did it affect art? 3) Two characteristics of “maniera greca” style. 4) What are three episodes of St. Francis’s life illustrated in Berlingieri’s altarpiece? Why are they important? 5) Cimabue was deeply influenced by the maniera greca. He moved beyond it in what ways? 6) Duccio’s Maesta Altarpiece : *Subject? *Three stylistic elements derived from the Byzantine tradition *How did Duccio modify the altarpiece? 7) What are 4 characteristics of the International Style developed by Martini? 8) What revolutionary aspects are found in Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country? 9) Florence Cathedral – Begun by whom? How was the spaciousness of the interior achieved? Characteristics of Sienese Painting
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1300-1400 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1) Why is the Renaissance considered a "rebirth"?
2) How did Italian city-states function?
3) What affect did politics and patronage have on the arts?
4) Why is Giotto considered the first modern painter?
5) How is the 16th century Renaissance a continuation or difference from the previous century?
6) How did the Catholic Church use art to its advantage?
7) How did exploration and trade influence cultural production during the Renaissance?
8) What are the important art works of this period and how did they personify the era?
1300-1400 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1) Why is the Renaissance considered a "rebirth"?
2) How did Italian city-states function?
3) What affect did politics and patronage have on the arts?
4) Why is Giotto considered the first modern painter?
5) How is the 16th century Renaissance a continuation or difference from the previous century?
6) How did the Catholic Church use art to its advantage?
7) How did exploration and trade influence cultural production during the Renaissance?
8) What are the important art works of this period and how did they personify the era?
LOOKING AT PAINTINGS
WHAT MAKES A PAINTING / ARTWORK EFFECTIVE?
Andy Warhol said that if you want to tell a good painting from a bad one, first look at a thousand paintings. There are no hard and fast rules about what makes a piece great, mediocre, or bad; remember, Van Gogh’s work was once considered amateurish and forgettable. COMPONENTS OF AN ARTWORK = SUBJECT+ FORM + CONTENT
1) Take a Look – Does it grab you???? If so, why?
· What is the work about? What is the “essence” of the painting?
Look for symbols/iconography. A symbol, very simply, is something that means something else. Often a painting will include very clear symbols — skulls, for instance, were often included in portraits of the wealthy to remind them that their wealth was only worldly and, in the grand scheme of things, ultimately meaningless.
Don’t get caught in the trap of trying to figure out “what the artist meant”; focus instead on what the work says to you.
Andy Warhol said that if you want to tell a good painting from a bad one, first look at a thousand paintings. There are no hard and fast rules about what makes a piece great, mediocre, or bad; remember, Van Gogh’s work was once considered amateurish and forgettable. COMPONENTS OF AN ARTWORK = SUBJECT+ FORM + CONTENT
1) Take a Look – Does it grab you???? If so, why?
- Art should appeal to
you first through your senses. That doesn’t mean a painting has to be
beautiful to be good, but it must grab your eye in some way. Give a work a
moment to do its thing — some works are intriguing in subtle ways. A work
might grab your attention through its subject matter, it’s use of color, an
interesting juxtaposition of objects, it’s realistic appearance, a visual joke,
or any number of other factors.
- What does the art depict? Landscape, portrait, narrative, still
–life, fantasy scene, non-objective, etc.
- What is the style, technique, media and the application of the
material? In
order to understand the form in which an artist uses you do have to look into
the history of that artist and what may have influenced them.
· What is the work about? What is the “essence” of the painting?
Look for symbols/iconography. A symbol, very simply, is something that means something else. Often a painting will include very clear symbols — skulls, for instance, were often included in portraits of the wealthy to remind them that their wealth was only worldly and, in the grand scheme of things, ultimately meaningless.
Don’t get caught in the trap of trying to figure out “what the artist meant”; focus instead on what the work says to you.
WHAT MAKES A
PAINTING EFFECTIVE?
What makes each of these paintings effective?
*Analyze each in terms of SUBJECT / FORM / CONTENT
*These are renaissance paintings - so look at each in terms of the interests and context of the renaissance artist.
What makes each of these paintings effective?
*Analyze each in terms of SUBJECT / FORM / CONTENT
*These are renaissance paintings - so look at each in terms of the interests and context of the renaissance artist.
TIPS FOR LOOKING AT
AND UNDERSTANDING RENAISSANCE PAINTINGS
1) Look for the use of line - Linear perspective was created during the early Renaissance in the first part of the 15th century.
2) Realism was front/center - Realism meant depicting the familiar: clothing, decorations, and landscape typical of time / place.
3) Who’s in the painting? – Individuals, patrons, models, self portraits
4) Fine details - Artists became adept at painting small details, such as the jewelry and headdresses that were fashionable.
5) Allusions to the Roman and Greek past - While religious themes were the most common subjects of the Renaissance, themes from ancient Greek and Rome became more popular with the support of Lorenzo de’ Medici in the late 15th century.
1) Look for the use of line - Linear perspective was created during the early Renaissance in the first part of the 15th century.
2) Realism was front/center - Realism meant depicting the familiar: clothing, decorations, and landscape typical of time / place.
3) Who’s in the painting? – Individuals, patrons, models, self portraits
4) Fine details - Artists became adept at painting small details, such as the jewelry and headdresses that were fashionable.
5) Allusions to the Roman and Greek past - While religious themes were the most common subjects of the Renaissance, themes from ancient Greek and Rome became more popular with the support of Lorenzo de’ Medici in the late 15th century.
Characteristics of Architecture
* Cambio, Dome of the Florence Cathedral
* Wide window spaces, limited stained glass, vivid wall paintings in most cases.
* Stressed mathematical perfection and geometric designs
* Ideal proportions = humanistic ideals = spatial harmony
* Cambio, Dome of the Florence Cathedral
* Wide window spaces, limited stained glass, vivid wall paintings in most cases.
* Stressed mathematical perfection and geometric designs
* Ideal proportions = humanistic ideals = spatial harmony
History
*Humanism (starts as a literary movement in that writers concerned themselves with secular issues).
*In Northern Europe, Humanism "pagan" Humanism is rejected in favor of a blend of religion and classical literature.
*Petrarch: Considered the first "modern" writer, he wrote sonnets in Italian, other works in Latin.
*Isabelle d'Este (1474-1539) was married to Giovanni Gonzaga, she was an outstanding diplomat and patron of learning.
*She turned Mantua into the center of learning and thought. Also, an important female patron of the arts.
*Humanism (starts as a literary movement in that writers concerned themselves with secular issues).
*In Northern Europe, Humanism "pagan" Humanism is rejected in favor of a blend of religion and classical literature.
*Petrarch: Considered the first "modern" writer, he wrote sonnets in Italian, other works in Latin.
*Isabelle d'Este (1474-1539) was married to Giovanni Gonzaga, she was an outstanding diplomat and patron of learning.
*She turned Mantua into the center of learning and thought. Also, an important female patron of the arts.
IMPORTANT CAUSES OF THE BEGINNING OF THE RENAISSANCE IN EUROPE
1) Decline of FEUDALISM – The rise of the middle class – traders, craftsman, merchants and cultivators.
2) IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES – More civilized and polished ideas spread from east to west.
3) DECLINE OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH – Strong monarchs challenged the power of the church and the common people preferred to pay greater attention to the present life rather than life after death.
4) WEALTH AND PROSPERITY – Trade and commerce between east and west increased, resulting in a wealthy class that supported artists and scholars.
5) INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS – Gutenberg of Mainz invented the press which was introduced in England. Knowledge spread beyond the church walls. “Printing remained the source of irrigation which fertilized the world of intelligence.”
6) FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE – 1453 to the Turks. Scholars from Constantinople fled to other parts of Europe with valuable literature and discovered many Greek and Latin works were ignored and neglected.
7) ROLE OF PROGRESSIVE RULERS AND NOBLES – Rulers such as Frances I, Henry VIII, Charles V, and popes such as Nicholas V and Leo X encouraged the study of ancient Greek and classical art and music.
8) GEOGRAPHIC VOYAGES – The discovery of the mariners compass as well as the telescope lead to many voyages, resulting in new knowledge that went against the teachings of the church.
1) Decline of FEUDALISM – The rise of the middle class – traders, craftsman, merchants and cultivators.
2) IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES – More civilized and polished ideas spread from east to west.
3) DECLINE OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH – Strong monarchs challenged the power of the church and the common people preferred to pay greater attention to the present life rather than life after death.
4) WEALTH AND PROSPERITY – Trade and commerce between east and west increased, resulting in a wealthy class that supported artists and scholars.
5) INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS – Gutenberg of Mainz invented the press which was introduced in England. Knowledge spread beyond the church walls. “Printing remained the source of irrigation which fertilized the world of intelligence.”
6) FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE – 1453 to the Turks. Scholars from Constantinople fled to other parts of Europe with valuable literature and discovered many Greek and Latin works were ignored and neglected.
7) ROLE OF PROGRESSIVE RULERS AND NOBLES – Rulers such as Frances I, Henry VIII, Charles V, and popes such as Nicholas V and Leo X encouraged the study of ancient Greek and classical art and music.
8) GEOGRAPHIC VOYAGES – The discovery of the mariners compass as well as the telescope lead to many voyages, resulting in new knowledge that went against the teachings of the church.
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