16TH CENTURY
NORTHERN EUROPE AND SPAIN Flash Card Images Vocabulary Reading Cues Videos ARTIST REVIEW FOR 20 AND 23 |
The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his “95 Theses,” which protested the pope’s sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated. Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets.
The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority.
Causes of the Reformation
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his “95 Theses,” which protested the pope’s sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated. Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets.
The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority.
Causes of the Reformation
- Corruption of the Roman Catholic Church during the Renaissance; sale of indulgences, nepotism, sale of church offices, decline of morality among the clergy.
- Humanism questioned Church traditions; it contradicted the emphasis on salvation.
- Resentment of secular rulers over the power of the popes and the clergy.
1540's: The Catholic and Counter-Reformations begin.
Key Ideas
Desire to appeal to the trivial tastes of aristocratic patrons wishing to escape the harsh realities of the 16th century.
Desire to appeal to the trivial tastes of aristocratic patrons wishing to escape the harsh realities of the 16th century.
- Continued realism found in northern Renaissance art combined with the desire to confront the political, social, and theological issues of the day.
- A new type of humanism concerned with the human condition, especially under duress.
- Art of France represents glorification of royalty
- Art of Spain represents glorification of the state and the tastes of the king.
- Replace church practices with personal faith
- Purpose and function of Protestant art
- Classicism moves northward
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) What is the effect of Protestant ("protested" practices and beliefs of the catholic church) Reformation on art in Northern Europe?
2) What is the impact of printmaking on artistic imagery and the spreading of ideas?
1) What is the effect of Protestant ("protested" practices and beliefs of the catholic church) Reformation on art in Northern Europe?
2) What is the impact of printmaking on artistic imagery and the spreading of ideas?
READING CUES
1) Isheim Altarpiece - What institution commissioned the work? How does this influence the painting? Read more about the altarpiece here.
2) Albrecht Durer - How does his style reflect the influence by both northern and southern Europe? * How does Durer support the Lutheran doctrine in the Four Apostles? * Knight, Death and Devil - Underlying symbolism? 3) Martin Luther - Who was he? What was his influence on religion and art? 4) Albrecht Altdorfer - Battle of Issus - How is his rendition unique? 5) Holbein - The French Ambassadors - anamorphic image - analyze subjects. Khan video on this fascinating painting! 6) Hieronymus Bosch - Earthly Delights - Primary subjects in the 3 panels. 7) Quinten Massy - Money Changer - How is the religious and economic life of Antwerp reflected in the painting? 8) Aertsen - Butcher Stall - What are the religious undertones found in the painting? 8) Pieter Bruegel - Hunters in the Snow- What are some characteristics in the painting? 9) El Greco - The Burial of Count Orgaz - How is his style characteristic of Mannerism? More information at this interesting web site on El Greco and Count Orgaz. Baroque? How can his personal style be described? |
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